ublic Services Commission (JKPSC)
Lecturer (10+2) Geography
Subject / Paper: Geography
Exam Cycle: 2025
Exam Type: Pen-and-Paper (OMR Based)
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COURSE OVERVIEW
Exam Name: Lecturer (10+2) Geography
Conducting Authority: Jammu and Kashmir Public Services Commission (JKPSC)
Level: Competitive
Examination Type: MCQs
No. of Questions: 100 MCQs
Total Marks: 100 Marks
Duration: 2 Hours
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LIST OF UNITS (Verbatim)
Unit I: Geomorphology
Unit II: Climatology
Unit III: Oceanography
Unit IV: Biogeography
Unit V: Natural Hazards and Disasters
Unit VI: Population and Settlement Geography
Unit VII: Economic, Agricultural, Industrial and Transport Geography
Unit VIII: Regional Planning and Development
Unit IX: Socio-Cultural and Political Geography
Unit X: Geographical Thought
Unit XI: Geographical Techniques
Unit XII: Geography of India
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UNIT-WISE DETAILED SYLLABUS (Verbatim)
Unit I: Geomorphology
Topic 1: Geomorphology
Subtopics:
○ Origin and evolution of the earth
○ Geological Time Scale
○ Earth’s Interior
○ Factors controlling landform development
○ Endogenetic and exogenetic forces
○ Continental Drift Theory
○ Sea Floor Spreading
○ Plate Tectonics
○ Geosynclines
○ Isostacy and Crustal Equilibrium in major relief features of the Earth
○ Geomorphic Agents- Water, Glacier and Wind
○ Models of landscape development-Davis, Penck and King
○ Recent views on Mountain Building
○ Earth movements-Diastrophic and Sudden
○ Slope Evolution Models; King, Strahler and Wood
○ Application of Geomorphology in Groundwater and Mineral exploration
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Unit II: Climatology
Topic 1: Climatology
Subtopics:
○ Composition and Structure of Atmosphere
○ Insolation
○ Heat Budget and Latitudinal Heat Balance
○ Atmospheric Stability and Instability
○ Pressure Belts
○ Wind Systems and Upper Air circulation
○ Monsoons
○ Western Disturbances and Jet Streams
○ Air masses and Fronts
○ Cyclones and Anticyclones
○ Moisture in the Atmosphere-Humidity, Clouds
○ Types and Distribution of precipitation
○ Climatic Classification – Koppen and Thornwaite
○ ENSO Events- El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillation
○ Climate Change Evidences and Related Theories – (Karoll Milankovitch Theory, Carbon Dioxide Hypothesis and Tectonic Hypothesis)
○ Impact of climate Change and Adaptation Strategies
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Unit III: Oceanography
Topic 1: Oceanography
Subtopics:
○ Ocean Profile
○ Distribution of Ocean Temperature, Density and Salinity
○ Ocean Deposits
○ Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean
○ Ocean Currents
○ Waves and Tides
○ Marine Resources- Biotic, Mineral and Energy resources
○ Coral Reefs
○ Sea-level changes
○ Law of the sea
○ Marine Pollution and Exclusive Economic Zones
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Unit IV: Biogeography
Topic 1: Biogeography
Subtopics:
○ Soil Formation, Classification and Distribution of Soils
○ Soil Erosion
○ Salinization desertification
○ Deforestation
○ Tourism as an agent of Environment change
○ Soil conservation Measures
○ Social Forestry
○ Agro-forestry
○ Wildlife; Major gene pool centres
○ Components of Biosphere
○ Ecosystem and Ecology
○ Properties of ecosystem
○ Ecological Terms
○ Tropic Levels
○ Food Chains
○ Biodiversity- Types, Threats and hotspots
○ Environmental Degradation-Management and Conservation
○ Sustainable Development
○ Events in Sustainability (Agenda 21)
○ Role of International organisations in Sustainable Development
○ Limits to Growth
○ Global Environment issues- Industrialization, urbanization and pollution
○ Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals
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Unit V: Natural Hazards and Disasters
Topic 1: Natural Hazards and Disasters
Subtopics:
○ Hazards and Disasters, characteristics and classification
○ Hazards and disasters affecting India: Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, tsunamis, flood, drought, cyclones and snow avalanches, forest fires and accidents
○ Global scenario of Natural disasters
○ Disaster profile of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh
○ Disaster management policy of India and J & K
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Unit VI: Population and Settlement Geography
Topic 1: Population Geography
Subtopics:
○ Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics)
○ World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and determinants)
○ Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo)
○ Fertility and Mortality Analysis-Determinants and world patterns
○ Migration
○ Concept of Social Well-being and quality of life
○ Human Development index-Concept and its Components
○ Population Problems of Developed and Developing Countries
Topic 2: Settlement Geography
Subtopics:
○ Types and Patterns of Rural Settlements
○ Urban Settlements –Emerging Issues and Challenges
○ Theories of Origin of Towns (G. Childe, H Pirenne and Lewis Mumford)
○ Theories of the Morphological Structure of cities ( Concentric Zone theory Sector theory and Multi-Nuclei theory)
○ Social Area Analysis and Exploitative Model
○ Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ulmann and Hyot)
○ Concept of Primate city and Rank Size Rule
○ Central Place Theory of Christianer and Losch
○ Central Business District: Delimitation and Characteristics
○ Functional Classification of Towns
○ Rural-Urban Fringe
○ Satellite Towns
○ Concepts of Mega Cities, Global Cities, Green Belts, Smart Cities and Edge Cities
○ Problems and Remedies of Urbanization
○ Manifestation of Poverty in the city (Slums, Informal Sector Growth, Crime and Social Exclusion)
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Unit VII: Economic, Agricultural, Industrial and Transport Geography
Topic 1: Economic Geography
Subtopics:
○ Economic Activities (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary)
○ Factors affecting spatial organisation of economic activities
○ World Resources and Their Distribution
○ Natural Resource Management Systems
○ World Energy Crisis in Developed and Developing Countries
○ Global Economic Blocs: G8, BRICS and SAARC- Role and Mandate
○ Market Linkages: Market Centers, Retailing and Whole Selling
○ E- Commerce
Topic 2: Agriculture Geography
Subtopics:
○ Factors Affecting Agriculture: Physical, Socio-economic, Environmental, Technological and Institutional
○ Land capability classification and Land Use Planning
○ Cropping Pattern, Diversification, Specialisation and Commercialisation of Crops
○ Methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah)
○ Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity
○ Regional Variation in Agricultural Productivity
○ Agricultural Systems of the World: Whittlesey’s Classification
○ Agricultural Land Use Model: Von Thuenen, Modification and Relevance
○ Food Security
Topic 3: Industrial Geography
Subtopics:
○ Classification of Industries
○ World Industrial Regions: Spatial Distribution, Factors of Industrial Location
○ Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith)
○ Impact of Globalisation on manufacturing sector in Less Developed Countries
○ Tourism Industry
○ World distribution and growth of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Education and R and D) Industries
○ Role of Industries in Regional Development
Topic 4: Geography of Transport and Trade
Subtopics:
○ Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst)
○ Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility
○ Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants
○ Models of Transport Development: Taaffe, Morrill and Gould (TMG) Model (1963), Lanchene Model (1965) Gould’s Spatial Exploration Model (1966), The Vance Model (1970), The Rimmer Model (1977)
○ World Trade Organisation
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Unit VIII: Regional Planning and Development
Topic 1: Regional Planning and Development
Subtopics:
○ Typology of Regions, Formal and Functional Regions
○ World Regional Disparities
○ Theories of Regional Development (Rostow’s Stage Theory of Growth, Growth Pole Theory, Regional Income Inequality Model, Core Periphery Model)
○ Planning Processes: Sectoral and Spatial , Short Term and Long Term
○ Concept of Multi-Level Planning and Decentralized Planning
○ Regional Development and Social Movements in India
○ Levels of Regional Development and Disparities in India
○ Planning Initiatives for Balanced Regional Development in India
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Unit IX: Socio-Cultural and Political Geography
Topic 1: Socio-Cultural and Political Geography
Subtopics:
○ Concept of Space and Place, Process and Pattern and their Social Significance
○ Evolution of Culture, Cultural Convergence and Divergence Processes
○ Major Cultural Realms of the World
○ Culture Diffusion: Acculturation and Assimilation
○ Cultural Hearth: Classification and Distribution
○ Races: Types and Global Distribution
○ Tribes: Habitat, Economy and Society
○ Gender Discrimination and Empowerment
○ Role of Language, Religion and Tradition in the Formation of Cultural Regions
○ Major Schools of Thought in Political Geography: German, British and American
○ Global Strategic Views of Heartland and Rim Land Theories
○ State and its Elements: Physical, Social and Economic
○ Concept of Frontiers, Boundaries and Buffer State
○ Geopolitical Significance of Indian Ocean
○ Geopolitics of Climate Change
○ Geopolitics of World Resources
○ International Boundary of India and Related Issues
○ China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Issues and Concerns
○ Regional Groupings and Organization: SAARC, ASEAN, EU, BRICS
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Unit X: Geographical Thought
Topic 1: Geographical Thought
Subtopics:
○ Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars
○ Contributions of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Huntington, Vidal de La Blache, Semple, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Scheafer and Hartshorne)
○ Darwin’s Impact on Geography
○ Recent Concepts: Areal Differentiation, Spatial Organization, Spatial Diffusion, Social Wellbeing
○ Perspectives in Geography: Positivism, Pragmatism, Idealism, Realism
○ Recent Approaches: Radical, Humanistic and Behavioural
○ Paradigm Shift in Geography: Modern and Postmodernism
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Unit XI: Geographical Techniques
Topic 1: Geographical Techniques
Subtopics:
○ Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial)
○ Types of Maps
○ Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isopleth, Chorochromatic and Flow Maps)
○ Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams and Line Graph)
○ Scales, Projections and Datums
○ Sampling: Types and Tests
○ Correlation, Regression Analysis
○ Multivariate Analysis: Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis
○ Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph
○ Measures of Inequality: Lorenz Curve, Gini’s Coefficient and Location Quotient
○ Goodness of Fit Tests: T -Test, Chi -Square Test, Anderson Darling and ANOVA Test, Mann Kendall Test
○ GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats)
○ Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis)
○ Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
○ Geo-referencing (coordinate system and map projections and Datum)
○ GIS Applications (thematic cartography, spatial decision support system)
○ Fundamentals of Remote Sensing: (Electromagnetic Radiation and Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry)
○ Aerial Photographs and their Types
○ Digital Image Processing, Image Enhancement Techniques: Contrast Enhancement, Histogram Equalisation and Band Combinations
○ GPS Components (space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications
○ Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Sampling Procedures
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Unit XII: Geography of India
Topic 1: Geography of India
Subtopics:
○ Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics
○ Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular)
○ Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions
○ Indian Monsoon (mechanism and characteristics)
○ Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere
○ Types and Distribution of Natural Resources: Soil, Vegetation, Water, Mineral and Marine Resources
○ Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, sex, occupational, educational, ethnic and religious)
○ Determinants of Population
○ Population Policies in India
○ Agriculture ( Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops)
○ Major Crop Regions
○ Regional Variations in Agricultural Development
○ Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting Indian Agriculture
○ Agro-Climatic Zones
○ Green Revolution
○ Food Security and Right to Food
○ Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines)
○ Internal and External Trade (trend, composition and directions)
○ Regional Development Planning in India
○ Globalisation and its impact on Indian Economy
○ Geography of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh UTs: Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh UTs-Physiography, Climate, Drainage, Soil and Natural Vegetation. Population-distribution, density and composition, population growth, Agriculture and Horticulture, Tourism industry, Energy resources, Key provisions of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act 2019.
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EXAM STRUCTURE / SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
(Only if explicitly provided in the uploaded document)
• [Exam structure details not explicitly provided in the uploaded document.]
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SYLLABUS SUMMARY (Auto-Generated)
• Total Units: 12
• Total Topics: 16
• Exam: Lecturer (10+2) Geography
• Subject: Geography
• Exam Year: 2025
✓ Extracted verbatim from the official uploaded document